| Introduction | Guinea-Bissau |
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Background:
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Since independence from Portugal in 1974, Guinea-Bissau has experienced considerable upheaval. The founding government consisted of a single party system and command economy. In 1980, a military coup established Joao VIEIRA as president and a path to a market economy and multiparty system was implemented. A number of coup attempts through the 1980s and early 1990s failed to unseat him and in 1994 he was elected president in the country's first free elections. A military coup attempt and civil war in 1998 eventually led to VIEIRA's ouster in 1999. In February 2000, an interim government turned over power when opposition leader Kumba YALA took office following two rounds of transparent presidential elections. YALA was ousted in a bloodless coup in September 2003, and Henrique ROSA was sworn in as President. Guinea-Bissau's transition back to democracy will be complicated by its crippled economy, devastated in the civil war. |
| Geography | Guinea-Bissau |
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Location:
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Western Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean, between Guinea and Senegal |
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Geographic coordinates:
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12 00 N, 15 00 W |
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Map references:
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Africa |
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Area:
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total: 36,120 sq km
land: 28,000 sq km water: 8,120 sq km |
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Area - comparative:
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slightly less than three times the size of Connecticut |
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Land boundaries:
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total: 724 km
border countries: Guinea 386 km, Senegal 338 km |
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Coastline:
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350 km |
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Maritime claims:
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territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm |
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Climate:
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tropical; generally hot and humid; monsoonal-type rainy season (June to November) with southwesterly winds; dry season (December to May) with northeasterly harmattan winds |
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Terrain:
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mostly low coastal plain rising to savanna in east |
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location in the northeast corner of the country 300 m |
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Natural resources:
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fish, timber, phosphates, bauxite, clay, granite, limestone, unexploited deposits of petroleum |
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Land use:
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arable land: 10.67%
permanent crops: 8.82% other: 80.51% (2001) |
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Irrigated land:
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170 sq km (1998 est.) |
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Natural hazards:
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hot, dry, dusty harmattan haze may reduce visibility during dry season; brush fires |
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Environment - current issues:
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deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; overfishing |
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
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Geography - note:
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this small country is swampy along its western coast and low-lying further inland |
| People | Guinea-Bissau |
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Population:
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1,416,027 (July 2005 est.) |
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 41.5% (male 293,280/female 294,483)
15-64 years: 55.5% (male 376,719/female 409,402) 65 years and over: 3% (male 17,865/female 24,278) (2005 est.) |
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Median age:
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total: 18.97 years
male: 18.37 years female: 19.57 years (2005 est.) |
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Population growth rate:
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1.96% (2005 est.) |
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Birth rate:
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37.65 births/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
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Death rate:
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16.53 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
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Net migration rate:
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-1.54 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.74 male(s)/female total population: 0.94 male(s)/female (2005 est.) |
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 107.17 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 117.78 deaths/1,000 live births female: 96.25 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.) |
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 46.61 years
male: 44.77 years female: 48.52 years (2005 est.) |
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Total fertility rate:
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4.93 children born/woman (2005 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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10% (2003 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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17,000 (2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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1,200 (2001 est.) |
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Major infectious diseases:
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degree of risk: very high
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever vectorborne diseases: malaria and yellow fever are high risks in some locations water contact disease: schistosomiasis respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis (2004) |
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Nationality:
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noun: Guinean(s)
adjective: Guinean |
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Ethnic groups:
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African 99% (Balanta 30%, Fula 20%, Manjaca 14%, Mandinga 13%, Papel 7%), European and mulatto less than 1% |
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Religions:
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indigenous beliefs 50%, Muslim 45%, Christian 5% |
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Languages:
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Portuguese (official), Crioulo, African languages |
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 42.4% male: 58.1% female: 27.4% (2003 est.) |
| Government | Guinea-Bissau |
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of Guinea-Bissau
conventional short form: Guinea-Bissau local long form: Republica da Guine-Bissau local short form: Guine-Bissau former: Portuguese Guinea |
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Government type:
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republic, multiparty since mid-1991 |
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Capital:
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Bissau |
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Administrative divisions:
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9 regions (regioes, singular - regiao); Bafata, Biombo, Bissau, Bolama, Cacheu, Gabu, Oio, Quinara, Tombali; note - Bolama may have been renamed Bolama/Bijagos |
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Independence:
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24 September 1973 (unilaterally declared by Guinea-Bissau); 10 September 1974 (recognized by Portugal) |
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National holiday:
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Independence Day, 24 September (1973) |
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Constitution:
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16 May 1984; amended 4 May 1991, 4 December 1991, 26 February 1993, 9 June 1993, and 1996 |
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Legal system:
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NA |
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Suffrage:
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18 years of age; universal |
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President Henrique ROSA (interim; since 28 September 2003); note - a September 2003 coup overthrew the elected government of Kumba YALA; General Verissimo Correia SEABRA served as interim president from 14 to 28 September 2003
head of government: Prime Minister Carlos GOMES Junior (since 9 May 2004) cabinet: NA elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; election last held 28 November 1999 and 16 January 2000 (next to be held May 2005); prime minister appointed by the president after consultation with party leaders in the legislature election results: Kumba YALA elected president; percent of vote, second ballot - Kumba YALA (PRS) 72%, Malan Bacai SANHA (PAIGC) 28% note: a bloodless coup led to the dissolution of the elected government of Kumba YALA in September 2003; General Verissimo Correia SEABRA served as interim president from 14 September 2003 until stepping aside on 28 September 2003 with the establishment of a caretaker government |
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Legislative branch:
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unicameral National People's Assembly or Assembleia Nacional Popular (100 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve a maximum of four years)
elections: last held 28 March 2004 (next to be held NA 2008) election results: percent of vote by party - PAIGC 31.5%, PRS 24.8%, PUSD 16.1%, UE 4.1%, APU 1.3%, 13 other parties 22.2%; seats by party - PAIGC 45, PRS 35, PUSD 17, UE 2, APU 1 |
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Judicial branch:
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Supreme Court or Supremo Tribunal da Justica (consists of nine justices appointed by the president and serve at his pleasure; final court of appeals in criminal and civil cases); Regional Courts (one in each of nine regions; first court of appeals for Sectoral Court decisions; hear all felony cases and civil cases valued at over $1,000); 24 Sectoral Courts (judges are not necessarily trained lawyers; they hear civil cases under $1,000 and misdemeanor criminal cases) |
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Political parties and leaders:
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African Party for the Independence of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde or PAIGC [Carlos GOMES Junior]; Front for the Liberation and Independence of Guinea or FLING [Francois MENDY]; Guinea-Bissau Resistance-Ba Fata Movement or RGB-MB [Helder Vaz LOPES]; Guinean Civic Forum or FCG [Antonieta Rosa GOMES]; International League for Ecological Protection or LIPE [Alhaje Bubacar DJALO, president]; National Union for Democracy and Progress or UNDP [Abubacer BALDE, secretary general]; Party for Democratic Convergence or PCD [Victor MANDINGA]; Social Renovation Party or PRS [Kumba YALA]; Union for Change or UM [Jorge MANDINGA, president, Dr. Anne SAAD, secretary general]; United Platform or UP [coalition formed by PCD, FDS, FLING, and RGB-MB]; United Social Democratic Party or PUSD [Francisco Jose FADUL] |
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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NA |
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International organization participation:
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ACCT, ACP, AfDB, AU, ECOWAS, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (signatory), ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW (signatory), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO |
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Henrique Adriano DA SILVA
chancery: 1511 K Street NW, Suite 519, Washington, DC 20005 telephone: [1] (202) 347-3950 FAX: [1] (202) 347-3954 |
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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the US Embassy suspended operations on 14 June 1998 in the midst of violent conflict between forces loyal to then President VIEIRA and military-led junta; US embassy Dakar is responsible for covering Guinea-Bissau: telephone - [221] 823-4296; FAX - [221] 822-5903 |
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Flag description:
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two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and green with a vertical red band on the hoist side; there is a black five-pointed star centered in the red band; uses the popular pan-African colors of Ethiopia |
| Economy | Guinea-Bissau |
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Economy - overview:
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One of the 10 poorest countries in the world, Guinea-Bissau depends mainly on farming and fishing. Cashew crops have increased remarkably in recent years, and the country now ranks sixth in cashew production. Guinea-Bissau exports fish and seafood along with small amounts of peanuts, palm kernels, and timber. Rice is the major crop and staple food. However, intermittent fighting between Senegalese-backed government troops and a military junta destroyed much of the country's infrastructure and caused widespread damage to the economy in 1998; the civil war led to a 28% drop in GDP that year, with partial recovery in 1999-2002. Before the war, trade reform and price liberalization were the most successful part of the country's structural adjustment program under IMF sponsorship. The tightening of monetary policy and the development of the private sector had also begun to reinvigorate the economy. Because of high costs, the development of petroleum, phosphate, and other mineral resources is not a near-term prospect. However, unexploited offshore oil reserves could provide much-needed revenue in the long run. The inequality of income distribution is one of the most extreme in the world. The government and international donors continue to work out plans to forward economic development from a lamentably low base. In December 2003, the World Bank, IMF, and UNDP were forced to step in to provide emergency budgetary support in the amount of $107 million for 2004, representing over 80% of the total national budget. Government drift and indecision, however, have resulted in continued low growth in 2004. |
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GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$1.008 billion (2004 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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2.6% (2004 est.) |
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GDP - per capita:
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purchasing power parity - $700 (2004 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 62%
industry: 12% services: 26% (1999 est.) |
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Labor force:
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480,000 (1999) |
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture 82% (2000 est.) |
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Unemployment rate:
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NA (1998) |
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Population below poverty line:
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NA |
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: 0.5%
highest 10%: 42.4% (1991) |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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4% (2002 est.) |
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Budget:
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revenues: NA
expenditures: NA, including capital expenditures of NA |
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Agriculture - products:
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rice, corn, beans, cassava (tapioca), cashew nuts, peanuts, palm kernels, cotton; timber; fish |
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Industries:
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agricultural products processing, beer, soft drinks |
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Industrial production growth rate:
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2.6% (1997 est.) |
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Electricity - production:
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55 million kWh (2002) |
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Electricity - production by source:
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fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001) |
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Electricity - consumption:
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51.15 million kWh (2002) |
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Electricity - exports:
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0 kWh (2002) |
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Electricity - imports:
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0 kWh (2002) |
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Oil - production:
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0 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - consumption:
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2,500 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - exports:
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NA |
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Oil - imports:
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NA |
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Exports:
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$54 million f.o.b. (2002 est.) |
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Exports - commodities:
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cashew nuts, shrimp, peanuts, palm kernels, sawn lumber |
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Exports - partners:
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India 52.1%, US 22.2%, Nigeria 13.2% (2004) |
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Imports:
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$104 million f.o.b. (2002 est.) |
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Imports - commodities:
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foodstuffs, machinery and transport equipment, petroleum products |
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Imports - partners:
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Senegal 44.6%, Portugal 13.8%, China 4.2% (2004) |
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Debt - external:
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$941.5 million (2000 est.) |
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Economic aid - recipient:
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$115.4 million (1995) |
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Currency (code):
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Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (XOF); note - responsible authority is the Central Bank of the West African States; previously the Guinea-Bissau peso (GWP) was used |
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Currency code:
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XOF; GWP |
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Exchange rates:
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Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar - 528.29 (2004), 581.2 (2003), 696.99 (2002), 733.04 (2001), 711.98 (2000)
note: since 1 January 1999, the XOF franc is pegged to the euro at a rate of 655.957 XOF francs per euro |
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Fiscal year:
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calendar year |
| Communications | Guinea-Bissau |
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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10,600 (2003) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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1,300 (2003) |
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: small system
domestic: combination of microwave radio relay, open-wire lines, radiotelephone, and cellular communications international: country code - 245 |
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Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 1 (transmitter out of service), FM 4, shortwave 0 (2002) |
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Radios:
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49,000 (1997) |
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Television broadcast stations:
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NA (1997) |
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Televisions:
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NA |
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Internet country code:
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.gw |
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Internet hosts:
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2 (2004) |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
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2 (2002) |
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Internet users:
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19,000 (2003) |
| Transportation | Guinea-Bissau |
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Highways:
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total: 4,400 km
paved: 453 km unpaved: 3,947 km (1999 est.) |
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Waterways:
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4 largest rivers are navigable for some distance; many inlets and creeks give shallow-water access to much of interior (2004) |
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Ports and harbors:
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Bissau, Buba, Cacheu, Farim |
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Airports:
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28 (2004 est.) |
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 3
over 3,047 m: 1 1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 1 (2004 est.) |
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 25
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1 914 to 1,523 m: 4 under 914 m: 20 (2004 est.) |
| Military | Guinea-Bissau |
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Military branches:
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People's Revolutionary Armed Force (FARP; includes Army, Navy, and Air Force), paramilitary force |
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Military service age and obligation:
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18 years of age for compulsory military service (2001) |
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Manpower available for military service:
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males age 18-49: 288,770 (2005 est.) |
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Manpower fit for military service:
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males age 18-49: 152,760 (2005 est.) |
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Military expenditures - dollar figure:
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$8.9 million (2004) |
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
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3.1% (2004) |
| Transnational Issues | Guinea-Bissau |
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Disputes - international:
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attempts to stem refugees and cross-border raids, arms smuggling, and political instability from a separatist movement in Senegal's Casamance region |
Sources: The CIA World Fact Book and other public domain Internet sites
