Contents
Earthquakes are a natural hazard. These pages look at the causes of earthquakes and tsunami, how they are detected and measured, and the ways in which they might be predicted.

The 1995 Kobe earthquake in Japan is examined as a case study, and there are several eyewitness accounts of the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake in California, USA.

Intended Audience
The material is aimed mostly at students up to the United Kingdom GCSE Level ( Age 16 ) but much of the language is within the comprehension of younger students.

Contents
Throughout geological time the surface of the Earth has changed, and continents have actually moved across the surface of the planet. This movement of continents is called Continental Drift, and the theory explaining why this happens is known as Plate Tectonics.

Intended Audience
The material is aimed mostly at students up to the United Kingdom GCSE Level ( Age 16 ) but much of the language is within the comprehension of younger students.

Composite Volcano
Mount St. Helens
Popocatapetl
Pyroclastic Flows and Lahars
Underwater and submarine volcanoes
Where are all the volcanoes?
Why live near a volcano?

Online lesson: Composite Volcanoes
Online lesson: Mt St.Helens Case Study

Contents
Volcanoes occur where liquid rock, called magma, rises through the crust and breaks out onto the surface where it is then called lava. Perhaps the most famous type of volcano is the type typically shaped like a triangle, known as a Composite volcano. These pages look at the formation and terminology of composite volcanoes, and examine the Mount St. Helens eruption of 1980 as a case study.

Intended Audience
The material is aimed mostly at students up to the United Kingdom GCSE Level ( Age 16 ) but much of the language is within the comprehension of younger students.

Contents
Glaciers are both geographical features in their own right, and also the agent which produces a host of landscape features such as u shape valleys, ribbon lakes, kames and kettleholes. These pages look at how and where glaciers form, how ice manages to flow and the features it can produce through both erosion and deposition. The formation of corries ( also called cirques or cwms ) is explained, and different types of glaciers are investigated. Some of the pages look in more detail at the processes occurring within a glacier, for example the transformation of loose snow into hard glacial ice.

Intended Audience
The material is aimed mostly at students up to the United Kingdom GCSE Level ( Age 16 ) but much of the language is within the comprehension of younger students.

Photographs and diagrams are suited to most levels of study, and include photographs of case studies in the UK and continental Europe.

Contents
Coastal areas are subject to change on a daily basis. They are also home to very distinct features and processes. These pages look at the main coastal features, such as beaches, headlands, caves and spits, explaining the processes by which they are formed, and how they influence the development of the shoreline.

They also look at the ways in which human activity has altered the coast and continues to influence the development of coastal landforms.

Intended Audience
The material is aimed mostly at students up to the United Kingdom GCSE Level ( Age 16 ) but much of the language is within the comprehension of younger students.

Some material is relevant to more advanced students and those GCSE candidates seeking a greater understanding of coastal processes.

Photographs and diagrams are suited to most levels of study.

Contents
This section covers a broad range of features and their environments, ranging from how waterfalls form to where the rain goes after a shower. Physical features such as lakes, streams, watertables and bogs are discussed, backed up with detailed coverage of the processes at work creating the features we can see and those usually hidden from view.

Intended Audience
The material is aimed mostly at students up to the United Kingdom GCSE Level ( Age 16 ) but much of the language is within the comprehension of younger students.

Photographs and diagrams are suited to most levels of study

Contents
This section covers chalk and limestone landscapes, background geology , and the features typical of such locations both above and below the ground.

Intended Audience
The material is aimed mostly at students up to the United Kingdom GCSE Level ( Age 16 ) but much of the language is within the comprehension of younger students.

Photographs and diagrams are suited to most levels of study

Contents
This section covers

Intended Audience
The material is aimed mostly at students up to the United Kingdom GCSE Level ( Age 16 ) but much of the language is within the comprehension of younger students.

Photographs and diagrams are suited to most levels of study

Contents
This section covers

Intended Audience
The material is aimed mostly at students up to the United Kingdom GCSE Level ( Age 16 ) but much of the language is within the comprehension of younger students.

Photographs and diagrams are suited to most levels of study

Coastal Notes
Coastal Crossword

Glacial Notes
Glacial Crossword

Fluvial / Rivers Notes
Rivers Revision Crossword

Contents
These pages contain a glossary of words vital to the understanding of each topic. They, and their definitions, have been picked to represent the basic technical vocabulary needed by a student undertaking the United Kingdom GCSE examination at 16.

Intended Audience
The material is aimed mostly at students up to the United Kingdom GCSE Level ( Age 16 ) but will be of use to anyone seeking the meaning of a range of geographical terms.