| Introduction | Maldives |
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Background:
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The Maldives was long a sultanate, first under Dutch and then under British protection. It became a republic in 1968, three years after independence. Since 1978, President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM - currently in his sixth term in office - has dominated the islands' political scene. Following riots in the capital Male in August 2004, the president and his government have pledged to embark upon democratic reforms, including a more representative political system and expanded political freedoms. Tourism and fishing are being developed on the archipelago. |
| Geography | Maldives |
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Location:
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Southern Asia, group of atolls in the Indian Ocean, south-southwest of India |
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Geographic coordinates:
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3 15 N, 73 00 E |
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Map references:
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Asia |
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Area:
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total: 300 sq km
land: 300 sq km water: 0 sq km |
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Area - comparative:
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about 1.7 times the size of Washington, DC |
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Land boundaries:
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0 km |
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Coastline:
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644 km |
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Maritime claims:
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measured from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
territorial sea: 12 nm contiguous zone: 24 nm exclusive economic zone: 200 nm |
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Climate:
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tropical; hot, humid; dry, northeast monsoon (November to March); rainy, southwest monsoon (June to August) |
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Terrain:
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flat, with white sandy beaches |
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Elevation extremes:
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lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: unnamed location on Wilingili island in the Addu Atoll 2.4 m |
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Natural resources:
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fish |
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Land use:
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arable land: 13.33%
permanent crops: 16.67% other: 70% (2001) |
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Irrigated land:
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NA sq km |
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Natural hazards:
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low level of islands makes them very sensitive to sea level rise |
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Environment - current issues:
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depletion of freshwater aquifers threatens water supplies; global warming and sea level rise; coral reef bleaching |
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Environment - international agreements:
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party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements |
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Geography - note:
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1,190 coral islands grouped into 26 atolls (200 inhabited islands, plus 80 islands with tourist resorts); archipelago with strategic location astride and along major sea lanes in Indian Ocean |
| People | Maldives |
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Population:
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349,106 (July 2005 est.) |
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Age structure:
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0-14 years: 43.9% (male 78,794/female 74,505)
15-64 years: 53% (male 94,488/female 90,624) 65 years and over: 3.1% (male 5,339/female 5,356) (2005 est.) |
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Median age:
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total: 17.69 years
male: 17.58 years female: 17.8 years (2005 est.) |
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Population growth rate:
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2.82% (2005 est.) |
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Birth rate:
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35.43 births/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
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Death rate:
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7.24 deaths/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
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Net migration rate:
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0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2005 est.) |
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Sex ratio:
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at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 1 male(s)/female total population: 1.05 male(s)/female (2005 est.) |
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Infant mortality rate:
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total: 56.52 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 55.63 deaths/1,000 live births female: 57.45 deaths/1,000 live births (2005 est.) |
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Life expectancy at birth:
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total population: 64.06 years
male: 62.76 years female: 65.42 years (2005 est.) |
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Total fertility rate:
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5.02 children born/woman (2005 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
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0.1% (2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
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less than 100 (2001 est.) |
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HIV/AIDS - deaths:
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NA |
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Nationality:
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noun: Maldivian(s)
adjective: Maldivian |
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Ethnic groups:
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South Indians, Sinhalese, Arabs |
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Religions:
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Sunni Muslim |
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Languages:
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Maldivian Dhivehi (dialect of Sinhala, script derived from Arabic), English spoken by most government officials |
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Literacy:
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definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 97.2% male: 97.1% female: 97.3% (2003 est.) |
| Government | Maldives |
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Country name:
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conventional long form: Republic of Maldives
conventional short form: Maldives local long form: Dhivehi Raajjeyge Jumhooriyyaa local short form: Dhivehi Raajje |
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Government type:
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republic |
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Capital:
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Male |
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Administrative divisions:
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19 atolls (atholhu, singular and plural) and 1 other first-order administrative division*; Alifu, Baa, Dhaalu, Faafu, Gaafu Alifu, Gaafu Dhaalu, Gnaviyani, Haa Alifu, Haa Dhaalu, Kaafu, Laamu, Lhaviyani, Maale*, Meemu, Noonu, Raa, Seenu, Shaviyani, Thaa, Vaavu |
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Independence:
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26 July 1965 (from UK) |
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National holiday:
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Independence Day, 26 July (1965) |
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Constitution:
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adopted 1 January 1998 |
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Legal system:
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based on Islamic law with admixtures of English common law primarily in commercial matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction |
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Suffrage:
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21 years of age; universal |
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Executive branch:
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chief of state: President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM (since 11 November 1978); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM (since 11 November 1978); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet of Ministers appointed by the president elections: president nominated by the Majlis and then the nomination must be ratified by a national referendum (at least a 51% approval margin is required); president elected for a five-year term; election last held 17 October 2003 (next to be held NA 2008) election results: President Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM reelected in referendum held 17 October 2003; percent of popular vote - Maumoon Abdul GAYOOM 90.3% |
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Legislative branch:
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unicameral People's Council or Majlis (50 seats; 42 elected by popular vote, 8 appointed by the president; members serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 22 January 2005 (next to be held NA 2010) election results: percent of vote - NA%; seats - independents 50 |
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Judicial branch:
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High Court |
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Political parties and leaders:
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although political parties are not banned, none exist |
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Political pressure groups and leaders:
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none |
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International organization participation:
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AsDB, C, CP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OIC, OPCW, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTO |
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Diplomatic representation in the US:
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chief of mission: Ambassador Dr. Mohamed LATHEEF
chancery: 800 2nd Avenue, Suite 400E, New York, NY 10017 telephone: [1] (212) 599-6195 |
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Diplomatic representation from the US:
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the US does not have an embassy in Maldives; the US Ambassador to Sri Lanka is accredited to Maldives and makes periodic visits there |
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Flag description:
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red with a large green rectangle in the center bearing a vertical white crescent; the closed side of the crescent is on the hoist side of the flag |
| Economy | Maldives |
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Economy - overview:
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Tourism, Maldives' largest industry, accounts for 20% of GDP and more than 60% of the Maldives' foreign exchange receipts. Over 90% of government tax revenue comes from import duties and tourism-related taxes. Fishing is a second leading sector. The Maldivian Government began an economic reform program in 1989 initially by lifting import quotas and opening some exports to the private sector. Subsequently, it has liberalized regulations to allow more foreign investment. Agriculture and manufacturing continue to play a lesser role in the economy, constrained by the limited availability of cultivable land and the shortage of domestic labor. Most staple foods must be imported. Industry, which consists mainly of garment production, boat building, and handicrafts, accounts for about 18% of GDP. Maldivian authorities worry about the impact of erosion and possible global warming on their low-lying country; 80% of the area is one meter or less above sea level. In late December 2004, a major tsunami left more than 100 dead, 12,000 displaced, and property damage exceeding $300 million. |
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GDP (purchasing power parity):
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$1.25 billion (2002 est.) |
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GDP - real growth rate:
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2.3% (2002 est.) |
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GDP - per capita:
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purchasing power parity - $3,900 (2002 est.) |
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GDP - composition by sector:
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agriculture: 20%
industry: 18% services: 62% (2000 est.) |
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Labor force:
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88,000 (2000) |
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Labor force - by occupation:
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agriculture 22%, industry 18%, services 60% (1995) |
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Unemployment rate:
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NEGL% (2003 est.) |
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Population below poverty line:
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NA |
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Household income or consumption by percentage share:
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lowest 10%: NA
highest 10%: NA |
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Inflation rate (consumer prices):
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1% (2002 est.) |
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Budget:
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revenues: $224 million (excluding foreign grants)
expenditures: $282 million, including capital expenditures of $80 million (2002 est.) |
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Agriculture - products:
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coconuts, corn, sweet potatoes; fish |
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Industries:
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fish processing, tourism, shipping, boat building, coconut processing, garments, woven mats, rope, handicrafts, coral and sand mining |
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Industrial production growth rate:
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4.4% (1996 est.) |
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Electricity - production:
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124.4 million kWh (2002) |
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Electricity - production by source:
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fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0% nuclear: 0% other: 0% (2001) |
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Electricity - consumption:
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115.7 million kWh (2002) |
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Electricity - exports:
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0 kWh (2002) |
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Electricity - imports:
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0 kWh (2002) |
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Oil - production:
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0 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - consumption:
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3,200 bbl/day (2001 est.) |
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Oil - exports:
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NA |
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Oil - imports:
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NA |
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Exports:
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$90 million f.o.b. (2002 est.) |
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Exports - commodities:
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fish, clothing |
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Exports - partners:
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US 26.5%, Thailand 23.5%, Sri Lanka 12.3%, Japan 11.7%, UK 9.8%, Germany 4.9% (2004) |
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Imports:
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$392 million f.o.b. (2002 est.) |
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Imports - commodities:
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petroleum products, ships, foodstuffs, textiles, clothing, intermediate and capital goods |
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Imports - partners:
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Singapore 24.9%, Sri Lanka 10.6%, UAE 10.3%, India 10.2%, Malaysia 7.6%, Bahrain 5.4% (2004) |
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Debt - external:
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$281 million (2003 est.) |
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Economic aid - recipient:
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NA (1995) |
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Currency (code):
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rufiyaa (MVR) |
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Currency code:
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MVR |
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Exchange rates:
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rufiyaa per US dollar - 12.8 (2004), 12.8 (2003), 12.8 (2002), 12.24 (2001), 11.77 (2000) |
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Fiscal year:
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calendar year |
| Communications | Maldives |
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Telephones - main lines in use:
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28,700 (2002) |
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Telephones - mobile cellular:
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41,900 (2002) |
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Telephone system:
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general assessment: minimal domestic and international facilities
domestic: interatoll communication through microwave links; all inhabited islands are connected with telephone and fax service international: country code - 960; satellite earth station - 3 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) |
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Radio broadcast stations:
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AM 1, FM 1, shortwave 1 (1998) |
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Radios:
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35,000 (1999) |
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Television broadcast stations:
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1 (1997) |
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Televisions:
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10,000 (1999) |
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Internet country code:
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.mv |
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Internet hosts:
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532 (2003) |
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Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
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1 (2000) |
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Internet users:
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15,000 (2002) |
| Transportation | Maldives |
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Highways:
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total: NA km
paved: NA km unpaved: NA km |
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Ports and harbors:
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Male |
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Merchant marine:
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total: 16 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 57,118 GRT/72,831 DWT
by type: cargo 12, passenger/cargo 1, petroleum tanker 2, refrigerated cargo 1 registered in other countries: 1 (2005) |
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Airports:
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5 (2004 est.) |
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Airports - with paved runways:
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total: 2
over 3,047 m: 1 2,438 to 3,047 m: 1 (2004 est.) |
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Airports - with unpaved runways:
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total: 3
914 to 1,523 m: 3 (2004 est.) |
| Military | Maldives |
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Military branches:
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National Security Service includes Security Branch (ground forces), Air Element, Coast Guard |
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Military service age and obligation:
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18 years of age (est.) (2004) |
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Manpower available for military service:
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males age 18-49: 71,774 (2005 est.) |
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Manpower fit for military service:
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males age 18-49: 56,687 (2005 est.) |
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Military expenditures - dollar figure:
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$41.1 million (2004) |
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Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
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5.5% (2004) |
| Transnational Issues | Maldives |
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Disputes - international:
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none |
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Refugees and internally displaced persons:
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IDPs: 12,000 (26 December 2004 tsunami victims) (2005) |
Sources: The CIA World Fact Book and other public domain Internet sites
